Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in the horse: study of 117 clinical cases and consideration of etiopathogenesis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

K C Miers  W B Ley 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1980,177(3):250-253

  相似文献   

Experimental reproduction of enteritis in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with Cryptosporidium and reovirus     

J S Guy  M G Levy  D H Ley  H J Barnes  T M Gerig 《Avian diseases》1987,31(4):713-722

Five-day-old bobwhite quails were inoculated with reovirus and Cryptosporidium previously isolated from the intestinal contents of young, commercially raised bobwhite quails experiencing severe enteritis. Quails inoculated with reovirus alone did not develop clinically apparent disease, infection was localized principally in the intestinal tract, and no lesions were detected. Quails inoculated with Cryptosporidium, alone or with reovirus, developed severe enteritis with high mortality and marked growth depression. Cryptosporidia caused blunting of intestinal villi and provoked a mononuclear cell response in the lamina propria. The severity of intestinal lesions correlated with numbers of parasites. An apparent synergistic effect in dually infected quails was indicated by enhanced Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding, greater numbers of cryptosporidia in the intestinal tracts, and systemic reovirus infection. In addition, multifocal liver necrosis was detected in dually infected quails but was absent in quails infected with only reovirus or Cryptosporidium. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium promoted systemic spread of reovirus, and reovirus intensified Cryptosporidium infection, but no significant synergistic effect on mortality or weight gain was detected. The most important agent in the naturally occurring acute enteritis of bobwhite quails was Cryptosporidium.  相似文献   

Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in the postpartum mare     

B.J. Purswell DVM  PhD  W.B. Ley DVM  MS.  N. Sriranganathan DVM  PhD  J.M. Bowen FRCVS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1989,9(3)

Equine postpartum uterine bacterial contamination was studied. Thirteen mares were examined at foaling, at foal heat and again at the second estrus if not bred at foal heat (n=7). Twenty-three percent (3/13) of the mares showed no uterine bacterial contamination immediately post partum. This was increased to 77% (10/13) by foal heat and 100% (7/7) by the second post-partum estrus. Few anaerobic bacteria were isolated and were quickly eliminated. Anerobic bacteria do not appear to be a problem in the postpartum mare. The mare is capable of quickly eliminating postpartum uterine bacterial contamination. Endometrial etiology was shown to be a good screening test for uterine bacterial contamination in the postpartum mare.Bacterial endometritis has long been recognized as a major cause of infertility in the mare.⁵,⁸,¹² Bacterial culture techniques over the years have been improved as have the interpretation of such results. It is generally agreed upon that the isolation of bacteria by itself is insufficient evidence of disease.³,¹⁶,¹⁷,¹⁹,²⁵ Certain bacteria, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, are known to be the major bacterial pathogens responsible for most of the cases of endometritis.⁷,¹⁸,²⁶ Isolation of bacteria in pure culture also is considered to be clinically significant; mixed cultures probably indicate insignificant contamination.²,²¹ The clinician also must consider the quantity of organisms isolated.¹,³,⁷,¹⁹,²⁶ Most pathogens occur in large numbers with heavy growth noted when cultured. In addition to kinds and quantity of bacteria isolated from the uterus, there also must be evidence of inflammation detected by physical examination of the genitalia, endometrial cytology and/or endometrial biopsy.⁴,⁹,¹⁴,¹⁵,²⁵,²⁷,²⁸The presence and significance of anaerobic bacteria in the mare's uterus has not been throughly addressed. It has been documented that aerobic and anaerobic bacteria play a significant role in postpartum uterine infections in the cow.²⁰Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes apparently have a synergistic effect to increase the severity of postpartum uterine infections in the cow.²⁰,²³ Anerobic bacteria, as well as mycoplasmas and viruses, have been suggested as possible causes of endometritis in the mare when evidence of inflammation is present but no aerobic bacteria are isolated.⁷,¹⁴,²¹,²⁷The purpose of this study was to document aerobic and anaerobic bacterial contamination of the uterus in the postpartum mare. Endometrial cytology was investigated to determine if there was a relationship between the presence of bacteria in the postpartum uterus and an inflammatory response.  相似文献   

A survey of feeding,management and faecal pH of Thoroughbred racehorses in the North Island of New Zealand     

A Williamson  CW Rogers  EC Firth 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(6):337-341

AIM: To identify feeding and management variables associated with variation in faecal pH within a population of intensively managed Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.

METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 16 racehorse trainers in the North Island of New Zealand. Interviews were conducted at the trainers' stables to obtain information on feeding and management of horses, and faecal samples were collected and faecal pH measured.

RESULTS: Ninety-seven percent of the horses surveyed were confined in an area ≤5 × 5 m for ≥12 h/day. Trainer's age, number of years they had trained horses, age and gender of horses, weeks in race training, racing class, frequency of feeding, bedding type, and exercise workload had no effect on mean faecal pH. Acidic faecal pH (pH ≤6.32) was associated with stables with ≤12 horses, and trainers at stables with ≤12 horses offered more concentrate feed than those at stables with >12 horses. Acidic faecal pH was associated with trainers who offered 4 kg of grain as the only form of concentrate fed, or offered ≤2.25 kg hay/day. Horses that displayed stable vices had less acidic faecal pH than horses that did not display stable vices, viz pH 6.70 (standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.135) vs 6.43 (SEM 0.029) (p=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Racehorse management in New Zealand is similar to that observed in other major racing countries. Trainers with ≤12 horses fed more concentrates and their horses had lower faecal pH than those of trainers with >12 horses. Irrespective of management system, it appears important to provide at least 2.25 kg of hay/day ad libitum, to buffer hindgut acidosis associated with diets high in soluble carbohydrate.  相似文献   

Setting the Stage for Long-term Reproductive Health     

Craig A. Payne  Brian Vander Ley  Scott E. Poock 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2013

  相似文献   

Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone     

A Boyde  EC Firth 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(2):123-132

AIM: To characterise and explain the increase in density evident by computerised tomography (CT) and radiography in companion studies as a response to training, in bone in the palmar and dorsal regions of the condyles of the third metacarpal bone (Mc3) of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses.

METHODS: Compositional back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) were conducted on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-embedded mediolateral slices of the right distal Mc3 from seven 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses trained on a racetrack and seven untrained horses kept at pasture. One left Mc3 from each group was studied in transverse section planes. This study focussed on regions of Mc3 found to differ in density between the trained and untrained horses in companion studies using CT and radiography.

RESULTS: The increase of bone density in the condyles of Mc3 in trained horses compared with untrained horses occurred, without prior osteoclastic resorption, via the deposition of new bone on pre-existing internal surfaces. Within prior marrow spaces of cancellous bone, there was also rapid formation of immature strands and fronds of bone which were more cellular and mineralised, and more lamellar bone tissue was deposited on these new scaffolding elements in the trained horses. Both resulted in increased bone volume fraction (BVF). The microscopic mineralisation density of the bulk of the new tissue was lower than in pre-existing bone, and CT and radiography underestimated the increase in BVF. The new tissue was thus probably less stiff at the microscopic scale than pre-existing bone, though its addition would stiffen the global structure.

CONCLUSIONS: In Mc3 of all the trained horses, there were obvious differences in microscopic structure compared with those from the untrained horses. Moderate, industry-standard levels of exercise used to prepare young horses for racing induced the formation of new bone in non-bone spaces in bone tissue, such that the bone organ should better withstand later increased levels of exercise.  相似文献   

Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 1. Study design,and clinical,nutritional, radiological and histological observations     

EC Firth  CW Rogers  NR Perkins  BH Anderson  ND Grace 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):261-271

AIMS: This is the first in a series of papers reporting studies in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses that aimed to determine the response of musculoskeletal tissues to early training on grass and sand racetracks. In this paper, the experimental set-up of the whole study is described, and nutritional, workload, and clinical, radiographic and pathological outcomes are reported, including semi-quantitative assessment of macroscopic changes in articular cartilage.

METHODS: The study group comprised 14 two-year-old Thoroughbred fillies reared entirely at pasture. Of these, seven were selected by a licensed racehorse trainer to undergo a 4-week period of initial training in which they were taught to accept saddle and rider, followed by a 13-week period of flatrace training at a racetrack (Weeks 1–13); the other seven fillies were confined to large grass enclosures and were not trained. Nutrient, including macro- and trace-element intakes were estimated. Distances cantered or galloped and average velocities were quantified for the trained horses. All horses were observed daily, weighed approximately weekly, and underwent a clinical lameness examination at Weeks 5, 9 and 13. Distal forelimbs were radiographed prior to Week 1, during Weeks 7–8, and again at the end of the study, when macroscopic changes in articular cartilage of the proximal surface of the proximal phalanx were also scored after staining with India ink.

RESULTS: Dietary intakes met or exceeded recommended requirements for all nutrients except sodium, which was low in the trained horses. Bodyweight increased throughout the study in the untrained horses, and increased until Week 7 and then decreased slightly in the trained horses. Mean velocity data were used to define three stages of the training programme: Stage 1 comprised canter in Weeks 1–4; Stage 2 comprised canter in Weeks 5–8; and Stage 3 comprised canter in Weeks 9–13 and galloping twice weekly. Four of seven horses completed training. These covered a mean distance of 179.2 km at mean velocities (excluding gallops) of 7.63 m/sec (SD 0.58), 8.99 m/sec (SD 0.56), and 8.43 m/sec (SD 0.74) for Stages 1–3, respectively, and galloped 4.45 km at 14.4 (SD 0.1) m/sec. The three horses that did not complete training became lame in Weeks 9, 10 and 11, and covered 147.9 km at velocities of 7.38 m/sec (SD 0.44), 8.88 m/sec (SD 0.33) and 8.43 m/sec (SD 0.59) and galloped 2.1 km. Overall, slight or intermittent lameness in trained horses was noted on 76/655 (12%) of horse observation days. Swelling was evident on 284/655 (41%) of horse observation days in the metacarpophalangeal (MCPJ) and metatarsophalangeal (MTPJ) joints (92%), palmar metacarpal tendon region (7%) or carpus (1%). Swelling of the MCPJ or MTPJ was not associated with obvious lameness. Radiographic changes were minor and no gross lesions in bone or tendon tissue were evident except for one case of dorsal metacarpal disease. Post mortem, the cartilage of some MCPJ and MTPJ had obvious wear lines and high lesion scores, which were not consistently related to clinical evidence of pain, lameness or joint swelling. Mean lesion scores were not significantly different between the MCPJ and MTPJ, or between trained and untrained horses.

CONCLUSIONS: Workload can be readily quantified in racehorses under semi-commercial training conditions. Obvious lesions in cartilage of the MCPJ or MTPJ were present in some trained and some untrained horses and not consistently associated with clinical evidence of lameness, joint swelling or change in other connective tissues.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Workload data in racing horses are likely to be highly relevant for studying the pathogenesis of changes in bone, tendon and cartilage during training, for training management and for risk analysis in racehorse populations. Although obvious cartilage lesions produced little clinical effect, such lesions have previously been shown to be progressive and to prejudice athletic capability. Detection of such occult lesions in young horses will require more sophisticated detection methods.  相似文献   

Radiographic parameters for diagnosing sand colic in horses     

Anna Kendall  Charles Ley  Agneta Egenvall  Johan Br?jer 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2008,50(1):17

Background

Ingestion of sand can cause colic, diarrhoea and weight loss in horses, but these signs are unspecific and can have many other causes. The amount of sand that induces disease may vary between individuals. To avoid over-diagnosing, it is important to determine the amount of sand that can be found in horses without clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. The aim of this study was to use previously suggested parameters for establishing a radiographic diagnosis of sand colic, and compare these findings between a sand colic group and a control group.

Methods

Abdominal radiographs were obtained in 30 horses with a complaint unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, archived abdominal radiographs of 37 clinical cases diagnosed with sand impaction were investigated. The size of the mineral opacity indicative of sand in the abdomen was measured and graded according to a previously published protocol based on height and length. Location, homogeneity, opacity and number of sand accumulations were also recorded.

Results

Twenty out of 30 control horses (66%) had one or more sand accumulations. In the present study; height, length and homogeneity of the accumulations were useful parameters for establishing a diagnosis of sand colic. Radiographically defined intestinal sand accumulation grades of up to 2 was a common finding in horses with no clinical signs from the gastrointestinal tract whereas most of the clinical cases had much larger grades, indicating larger sand accumulations.

Conclusion

Further work to establish a reliable grading system for intestinal sand content is warranted, but a previously proposed grading system based on measurements of height and length may be an alternative for easy assessment of sand accumulations in the meantime. The present study indicates that a grade 1 – 2 sand accumulation in the intestine is a frequent finding in horses. When working up a case with clinical signs from the gastrointestinal tract, one or more accumulations of this grade should not be considered the cause until other possibilities have been ruled out.  相似文献   

Aspiration of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres by a dog     

V Greci  SA Bissett  CN Copple  EC Hawkins 《Australian veterinary journal》2010,88(5):166-168

This case report describes an 11-year-old Belgian Malinois dog with acute onset of cough caused by aspiration of barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) and pneumonia following an episode of suspected gastric dilation. Although bronchoscopic retrieval of the BIPS was largely unsuccessful, the dog recovered uneventfully, with most of the BIPS being coughed out and swallowed over a 1-month period. Aspiration of BIPS should be considered a potential complication of their administration. Furthermore, endoscopic removal of aspirated BIPS is challenging and may not be indicated because of their inert nature and possible self-clearance.  相似文献   

Identification of enterodiol as a masker for caffeine bitterness by using a pharmacophore model based on structural analogues of homoeriodictyol     

Ley JP  Dessoy M  Paetz S  Blings M  Hoffmann-Lücke P  Reichelt KV  Krammer GE  Pienkny S  Brandt W  Wessjohann L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(25):6303-6311

Starting from previous structure-activity relationship studies of taste modifiers based on homoeriodictyol, dihydrochalcones, deoxybenzoins, and trans-3-hydroxyflavones as obvious analogues were investigated for their masking effect against caffeine. The most active compounds of the newly investigated taste modifiers were phloretin, the related dihydrochalcones 3-methoxy-2',4,4'-trihydroxydihydrochalcone and 2',4-dihydroxy-3-methoxydihydrochalcone, and the deoxybenzoin 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone. Starting with the whole set of compounds showing activity >22%, a (Q)SAR pharmacophore model for maskers of caffeine bitterness was calculated to explain the structural requirements. After docking of the pharmacophore into a structural model of the broadly tuned bitter receptor hTAS2R10 and docking of enterolactone and enterodiol as only very weakly related structures, it was possible to predict qualitatively their modulating activity. Enterodiol (25 mg L(-1)) reduced the bitterness of the 500 mg L(-1) caffeine solution by about 30%, whereas enterolactone showed no masking but a slight bitter-enhancing effect.  相似文献